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Journal of Animal Science and Technology
Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology

J Anim Sci Technol

pISSN: 2672-0191, eISSN: 2055-0391

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2024.e66

Article

Subclinical Mastitis of Buffaloes in Asia: Prevalence, Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Antimicro-bial resistance, and Current Treatment Strategies

Md. Shahidur Chowdhury1, Md. Mahfujur Rahman1, Hemayet Hossain2, Piash Ghosh1, Md. Rafiqul Islam1, Bibek Lamichhane3, Fatma Alzahraa Gomaa4, Heba Selim5,6, Md. Mukter Hossain1, Yosra Helmy3, Mohamed El Zowalaty7,*
1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, , Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.
2Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.
3Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, , Lexington, KY 40546, United States.
4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, , Al Baha 65431 , Saudi Arabia.
5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia.
6Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls); Al-Azhar University, Cairo 35527, Egypt.
7Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12451, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Mohamed E El Zowalaty, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12451, Egypt. E-mail: elzow005@gmail.com.

© Copyright 2024 Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Jun 08, 2024; Revised: Jun 25, 2024; Accepted: Jun 27, 2024

Published Online: Jul 01, 2024

Abstract

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) remains a significant challenge in buffalo farming across Asia, impacting both animal welfare and economic productivity. In this review, we assessed the status, pathogenesis, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and therapeutic measures associated with SCM in buffalo populations. This study revealed a pooled prevalence of SCM in Asia at 41.51% (2513/6054; 95% CI: 40.26-42.76) with considerable variation observed across different regions. Notably, Turkey exhibited the highest pooled prevalence at 61.1% (95% CI: 43.46-76.86), while Nepal reported the lowest pooled prevalence at 23.7% (95% CI: 19.15-28.82). <italic>Staphylococcus </italic>spp. emerged as the most common mastitogen with the California Mastitis Test (CMT) identified as the primary diagnostic method. Risk factors for SCM exhibited variability among studies, reflecting the diverse husbandry practices and environmental conditions across Asian buffalo farming regions. Furthermore, AMR poses a significant concern, with beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin) commonly found to be resistant in many studies. Herbal therapy derived from both animal and plant sources, along with immunotherapy, emerged as effective strategies for controlling and preventing SCM and clinical mastitis in buffalo. Importantly, these approaches offer promising solutions for combating AMR while promoting sustainable mastitis management practices in Asian buffalo farming. The review emphasizes the need to understand the prevalence, causes, and management of SCM in buffaloes across Asia, calling for targeted interventions and further research to tackle this widespread issue.

Keywords: Subclinical mastitis,; Antimicrobial resistance; Buffalo; Prevalence; Therapeutic measures,; Risk factor