Table 2. Effect of grain vinegar feeding on rumen fermentation parameters

	Control1)	Vinegar	SEM	p-value
Total VFA (mmol/dL)	12.22	11.29	0.38	0.349
Acetate	8.12	7.46	0.26	0.176
Propionate	2.21	2.07	0.06	0.440
iso-Butyrate	0.08	0.09	0.00	0.308
n-Butyrate	1.40	1.30	0.05	0.398
iso-Valerate	0.22	0.20	0.01	0.357
n-Valerate	0.18	0.16	0.01	0.217
Molar ratio (mmol/100 mmo/l)
Acetate	66.51	66.00	0.30	0.067
Propionate	18.17	18.46	0.25	0.883
iso-Butyrate	0.69	0.79	0.02	0.595
n-Butyrate	11.36	11.48	0.18	0.801
iso-Valerate	1.78	1.80	0.04	0.714
n-Valerate	1.49	1.46	0.02	0.355
A/P ratio	3.68	3.63	0.07	0.351
Ammonia nitrogen (mgN/dL)	7.45	7.64	0.45	0.659

Control, no treatment; Vinegar; 2 L of 4.5% acetic acid equivalent per day.VFA, volatile fatty acids.