Table 3. Antibacterial effect of various levels of mixed zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, and florfenicol on Salmonella gallinarum induced infection in broiler in terms of quantitative histopathology of thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius at day 7 and day 11 post-infection

Organ	Parameters	Treatment						p- value
		Control negative	Control positive	Florfenicol (mg/L)	Nanoparticle levels of ZnO and CuO (mg/kg/d)
		Control negative	Control positive	T₁ (50)	T₂ (25 + 10)	T₃ (37.5 + 15)	T₄ (50 + 20)
S1
Spleen	Congestion (%)	4.33 ± 7.50^a	38.02 ± 7.52^b	20.62 ± 1.14^c	13.38 ± 0.73^ac	10.24 ± 0.48^ac	13.5 ± 2.74^ac	0.000
Spleen	Lymphocytes	1,179.67 ± 165.32^a	631.33 ± 178.55^b	983.33 ± 40.69^a	957.67 ± 40.00^a	1,121.67 ± 137.90^a	1,085 ± 58.59^a	0.001
Thymus	Congestion (%)	6.00 ± 2.00^a	41.42 ± 6.30^b	19.12 ± 5.80^c	20.65 ± 5.07^c	14.6 ± 1.80^ac	22.34 ± 1.51^c	0.000
Thymus	Lymphocytes	1,221.67 ± 241.61^a	703.33 ± 85.13^b	1,055 ± 279.77^ab	915 ± 112.80^ab	1,011.33 ± 26.00^ab	1,020 ± 118.29^ab	0.051
Bursa of Fabricius	Interfollicular space	1.06 ± 0.12^a	3.98 ± 0.30^b	2.66 ± 1.07^ab	3.98 ± 0.75^b	2.7 ± 0.81^ab	3.1 ± 0.58^b	0.002
Bursa of Fabricius	Lymphocytes	1,103 ± 197.40^a	662.66 ± 86.10^b	858 ± 115.90^ab	968 ± 53.20^ab	994 ± 55.60^ab	996.67 ± 148.90^a	0.012
S2
Spleen	Congestion (%)	3.66 ± 2.08^a	41.99 ± 9.37^b	15.38 ± 5.56^a	15.51 ± 3.19^a	13.07 ± 1.23^a	12.5 ± 1.23^a	0.000
Spleen	Lymphocytes	1,331.67 ± 334.33^a	862.66 ± 92.52^a	1,130.33 ± 390.37^a	959.33 ± 50.00^a	1,039.67 ± 187.70^a	962 ± 43.55^a	0.276
Thymus	Congestion (%)	3.66 ± 2.08^a	41.99 ± 9.37^b	15.38 ± 5.56^a	15.51 ± 3.19^a	13.07 ± 1.23^a	12.5 ± 1.23^a	0.000
Thymus	Lymphocytes	1,192.33 ± 335.90^a	700 ± 92.70^a	1,109.67 ± 401.50^a	973 ± 106.60^a	1,057 ± 139.20^a	1,036.33 ± 192.30^a	0.268
Bursa of Fabricius	Interfollicular space	0.94 ± 0.10^a	4.09 ± 0.30^b	2.38 ± 1.20^ab	2.68 ± 1.10^ab	2.17 ± 0.10^ab	2.34 ± 0.10^ab	0.003
Bursa of Fabricius	Lymphocytes	1,133 ± 352.20^a	747 ± 78.00^a	927.66 ± 64.40^a	630.67 ± 393.90^a	960 ± 175.00^a	1,102.33 ± 283.80^a	0.200

Mean Values in rows with various superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.05), S1 (day 7), S2 (day 11) post-infection sampling.