Table 1. Positive effects of complex probiotics used in pigs

Animal	Composition of strains	Effect of feeding	References
Weaned pigs	B. subtilisB. licheniformisS. cerevisiae	Improved ADGIncreased Lactobacilli	[63]
	L. acidophilusB. subtilisS. cerevisiaeA. oryzae	Improved growth performance (ADG and gain/feed) and nutrient digestibility (DM, energy)Increased Lactobacilli with decreased Clostridium spp. counts	[60,61]
	L. acidophilusB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	Improved ADGIncreased Lactobacilli with decreased E. coli countsIncreased villus height	[62]
	L. acidophilusB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	Better FCR with no differences in nutrient digestibility and fecal scoreIncreased Lactobacilli	[85]
	E. faeciumB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	Improved growth performance (ADG and gain/feed) and diarrhea scoreIncreased production of VFAs (acetate and propionate)	[59]
	B. licheniformisB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	Improved IgGIncreased Lactobacilli with decreased E. coli counts	[86]
	L. acidophilusS. cerevisiae	Improved growth performance (ADG and gain/feed) and diarrhea score (DM, energy)Increased Lactobacilli with decreased E. coli counts	[92]
	B. licheniformisS. cerevisiae	Improved villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in small intestineEnhanced intestinal barrier integrity	[93]
Growing and finishing pigs	L. acidophilusB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	Increased total anaerobic bacteria, Lactobacilli with decreased Clostridium spp. counts	[113]
	L. fermentumS. cerevisiaeB. subtilis	Better FCR with no differences in nutrient digestibility	[85]
	L. plantarumB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	No difference in growth performance and digestibility	[74]
	S. cerevisiaeL. caseiL. plantarum	Increased drip and cooking lossDecreased juiciness and tenderness	[110]
	L. acidophilusL. plantarumB. subtilisS. cerevisiae	No difference in the growth performance	[67]

B. subtilis, Bacillus subtilis; B. licheniformis, Bacillus licheniformis; S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; ADG, average daily gain; L. acidophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus; A. oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae; DM, dry matter; E. coli, Escherichia coli; FCR, feed conversion ratio; E. faecium, Enterococcus faecium; VFA, volatile fatty acid; IgG, immunoglobulin G; L. fermentum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum; L. plantarum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; L. casei, Lacticaseibacillus casei.