Table 7. Effects of persimmon peel or damaged whole persimmons, compared to various types of silages, on volatile fatty acid concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation

	Treatments¹⁾											SEM	p-value
	PP3R7	PP5R5	PP7R3	PP8R2	WP3R7	WP5R5	WP7R3	MS	RS	RGS	WCRS	SEM	p-value
Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (mM)
6 h	27.36	27.89	27.63	29.78	26.64	28.06	28.59	28.8	27.58	28.06	27.58	0.573	0.070
24 h	49.28^a	52.80^b	57.10^c	63.0^ef	48.14^a	53.46^b	57.58^cd	65.36^f	47.65^a	60.27^de	59.2^cd	0.944	< 0.001
Acetate (%)
6 h	70.58^b	70.99^bc	70.96^bc	71.92^e	70.70^b	70.02^a	70.07^a	70.06^a	71.75^e	71.21^c	73.02^f	0.145	< 0.001
24 h	67.4^ef	65.78^d	62.29^b	59.62^a	67.18^e	64.83^c	61.73^b	64.20^c	68.92^g	68.03^fg	70.96^h	0.253	< 0.001
Propionate (%)
6 h	16.19^bc	16.17^bc	16.53^cd	16.07^bc	15.87^b	16.77^de	16.56^cd	17.12^e	15.01^a	16.02^b	15.24^a	0.152	< 0.001
24 h	20.11^b	21.83^c	26.11^e	29.13^f	20.26^b	22.69^c	26.43^e	24.78^d	18.41^a	20.17^b	20.39^b	0.317	< 0.001
Butyrate (%)
6 h	10.70^ef	10.57^de	10.42^d	10.13^c	10.89^f	10.92^f	11.22^g	10.06^c	10.77^ef	9.75^b	9.11^a	0.071	< 0.001
24 h	10.29^f	10.15^f	9.56^de	9.28^d	10.25^f	10.29^f	9.73^e	8.84^c	10.46^f	8.38^b	6.46^a	0.104	< 0.001
Valerate (%)
6 h	0.79^ef	0.70^bc	0.66^b	0.59^a	0.76^cde	0.70^bc	0.65^ab	0.84^f	0.76^de	0.92^g	0.82^ef	0.020	< 0.001
24 h	0.77^de	0.76^d	0.62^b	0.55^a	0.77^de	0.75^d	0.66^bc	0.81^de	0.70^c	1.41^f	0.82^e	0.018	< 0.001
Acetate:Propionate ratio
6 h	4.36^cde	4.39^de	4.29^bcd	4.48^e	4.46^e	4.18^ab	4.23^abc	4.09^a	4.78^f	4.45^de	4.79^f	0.048	< 0.001
24 h	3.35^fg	3.02^e	2.39^b	2.05^a	3.32^f	2.86^d	2.34^b	2.59^c	3.74^h	3.37^fg	3.48^g	0.047	< 0.001

PP3R7, PP5R5, PP7R3, and PP8R2, persimmon peel mixed with rice straw at ratios of 3:7, 5: 5, 7:3 and 8:2, respectively; WP3R7, WP5R5, WP7R3, damaged whole persimmon mixed with rice straw at ratios of 3:7, 5: 5, and 7:3, respectively.
Mean values with different superscripts within a row differ significantly (p < 0.05).
PP, persimmon peel; WP, damaged-whole persimmon; MS: maize silage, RS, rice straw silage, WCRS, whole crop rye silage, SSGS, sorghum-sudangrass silage.