Table 2. Ruminal fermentation characteristics at 3 h and 24 h of incubation

Measurements	Inoculum		Diet			SEM	p-values
Measurements	HWG	JBG	Growing	Early fattening	Late fattening	SEM	Inoculum	Diet	Inoculum × Diet
3 h of incubation
pH	6.84^b	6.86^a	6.84	6.86	6.86	0.01	0.0238	0.2480	0.1561
Gas (mL)	16.44^a	12.44^b	15.50^a	14.00^ab	13.83^b	0.57	< 0.0001	0.0372	0.3080
DMD	35.13^a	34.19^b	34.83^a	33.37^b	35.78^a	0.34	0.0127	0.0002	0.0042
NH₃-N (mg/dL)	0.54^b	0.82^a	0.50	0.71	0.82	0.07	0.0147	0.0636	0.1058
Total VFA (mM)	29.28^a	24.19^b	26.36^b	25.63^b	28.23^a	0.73	< 0.0001	0.0054	0.0712
Acetate (%)	47.69^a	44.82^b	46.64	45.32	46.80	0.45	0.0002	0.0785	0.5411
Propionate (%)	21.45	22.28	19.85	22.68	23.06	0.97	0.6771	0.3706	0.3288
A:P ratio	2.81	2.01	3.20	2.00	2.03	0.39	0.3325	0.3938	0.3844
Isobutyrate (%)	4.57	3.64	5.65	3.47	3.19	0.76	0.5590	0.3888	0.3711
Butyrate (%)	11.92	12.96	11.79	12.93	12.62	0.38	0.1905	0.4597	0.3718
Isovalerate (%)	5.46	5.83	6.31	5.53	5.10	0.33	0.5758	0.3371	0.3278
Valerate (%)	8.91^b	10.46^a	9.75^ab	10.07^a	9.23^b	0.23	< 0.0001	0.0124	0.1702
24 h of incubation
pH	6.64^b	6.67^a	6.67	6.65	6.65	0.01	0.0257	0.2149	0.1184
Gas (mL)	74.83^a	66.56^b	69.75	71.25	71.08	1.16	< 0.0001	0.5770	0.4477
DMD	59.34^a	55.74^b	56.84	56.93	58.85	0.60	0.0010	0.1229	0.9205
NH₃-N (mg/dL)	0.60^a	0.37^b	0.38^b	0.67^a	0.41^b	0.06	0.0273	0.0449	0.3565
Total VFA (mM)	48.15	50.29	46.83	49.50	51.33	0.98	0.2863	0.1995	0.6846
Acetate (%)	50.69	50.85	50.97	51.02	50.32	0.21	0.6994	0.3361	0.2701
Propionate (%)	26.53	26.84	25.87^b	26.32^b	27.88^a	0.25	0.3286	0.0004	0.3993
A:P ratio	1.91	1.90	1.97^a	1.94^ab	1.81^b	0.02	0.6432	0.0017	0.1851
Isobutyrate (%)	2.12	2.06	2.18	2.08	2.01	0.04	0.4049	0.1952	0.6494
Butyrate (%)	11.16	11.14	11.30^a	11.32^a	10.83^b	0.08	0.9120	0.0099	0.7247
Isovalerate (%)	3.44	3.37	3.52	3.40	3.29	0.05	0.5602	0.2572	0.6365
Valerate (%)	6.07	5.73	6.16	5.86	5.67	0.11	0.1446	0.2119	0.5916

Superscripts indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).
HWG, Hanwoo inoculum-treated group; JBG, Jeju Black inoculum-treated group; DMD, dry matter digestibility; VFA, volatile fatty acids; A, acetate; P, propionate.