Table 5. Effect of OPN protein on fertilization parameters during IVF

IVF	No. of oocytes	Penetration (%)	Polyspermy (%)	Cleavage at 48 h (%)
Control	272	67.41±3.25^a	20.31±2.41^a	55.25±1.01^a
IgG	265	66.52±2.43^a	21.17±1.38^a	56.41±1.41^a
OPN protein	287	74.29±2.15^b	16.41±2.17^b	62.09±1.32^b
Anti-OPN antibody	283	53.72±2.71^c	25.35±1.27^c	43.84±0.82^c

The experiment was replicated seven times.
Percentages are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
IgG concentration is 1 μg/mL, OPN concentration is 0.1 μg/mL and anti-OPN antibody concentration is 82 μg/mL (1:1,000).
Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
cell cleavage was no. of 2-cell/no. of oocytes.
OPN, osteopontin; IVF, in vitro fertilization; IgG, Immunoglobulin G.