Table 1. Effect of seeding dates on the growth characteristics and yield of whole-crop barley cultivated in a paddy field

Items	Treatments¹⁾
Items	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5
Plant length (cm)	101.4 ± 2.5^a	96.2 ± 3.1^b	94.6 ± 2.1^b	87.8 ± 3.1^c	80.6 ± 1.7^d
Stem diameter (mm)	5.5 ± 0.2^bc	5.9 ± 0.1^a	6.0 ± 0.2^a	5.7 ± 0.3^ab	5.2 ± 0.2^c
Fresh yield (kg/ha)	50,514 ± 1,112^a	32,700 ± 2,321^b	25,426 ± 2,807^c	20,792 ± 1,446^d	8,729 ± 1,558^e
Dry matter yield (kg/ha)	9,952 ± 218^a	7,390 ± 524^b	5,594 ± 459^c	4,636 ± 322^d	1,947 ± 347^e
TDN yield(kg/ha)	5,987 ± 130^a	4,399 ± 312^b	3,328 ± 273^c	2,754 ± 192^d	1,148 ± 205e

Data are expressed as means ± SD.
Means in a row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).
T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 represent the different seeding dates: October 19, October 26, November 2, November 9, and November 16, respectively. TDN, total digestible nutrients, yield = [88.9 – (0.79 × acid detergent fiber (%))] × dry matter yield/ha.