| 1 | Heat shock RNA1 (HSR1) | Various tissues | • stimulates trimerization of heat-shock factor1 (HSF1)with eukaryotic translation elongationfactor 1A | [91] |
| 2 | Meiotic recombination hot spot1 locus (Mrhl) | Located in nucleus | • Regulate spermatogenesis | [23] |
| 3 | HongrES2 | Expressed specifically in the cauda-epididymis | • The transcript mil-HongrES2 inhibitsexpression of an epididymis-specific protein CES7 and its cholesterol esterase activity;• its overexpression results in retarded spermcapacitation | [70] |
| 4 | Testis-specific X-linked (Tsx) | Expressed in pachytenespermatocytes | • regulatory role in germline meiotic division | [1] |
| 5 | Dmrt1-related gene (Dmr) | Testis-specific | • essential transcription factor that promotesspermatogonial development by up-regulatingSohlh1 (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Specific Basic Helix-Loop-Helix 1);• prevents premature meiosis in spermatogoniaby repressing Stra8 (Gene stimulated by retinoic acid 8) | [76] |
| 6 | Homeobox antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) | Gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, Lung, Breast, Kidney | • Promotes cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis• Increased expression may affect genomic relocalization of the polycomb repressive complex 2;• Can enhance trimethylation of H3K27;• biomarker for poor prognosis in colorectal cancer | [32, 48] |
| 7 | Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) | Lung, pancreas | • Promotes cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis• Knockdown of MALAT1 (in HCC cell line) demonstrated amarked reduction in tumor progression. So it can be used as negative prognostic biomarker | [29] |
| 8 | Maternally Expressed Gene (MEG3) | Glioma cells, bladder, gastric tissues | • Tumor suppressive• Due to down-regulated expression in various tumor conditions including meningioma and glioma, it acts as tumor suppressor | [104] |
| 9 | Taurineupregulated gene 1 (TUG1) | Osteosarcoma tissue | • Tumor suppressive• Inhibit apoptosis | [115] |
| 10 | GAS5 | Lung, breast, colorectal, kidney, prostate | • Induces apoptosis and suppresses miR-21 expression | [92] |
| 11 | BRAF Activated Noncoding RNA (BANCR) | Lung | • Tumor suppressive | [96] |
| 12 | H19 | Lung | • Tumor suppressor gene• Higher H19 expression due to demethylation of promoter region results in induction of lung cancer | [12, 77] |