| Average amount |
| 0.6–1.8 | 3.0–6.0 | 18.3 | 1.5–3.0 | [37] |
| 0.6–1.8 | 3.0–6.0 | 10–12 | 1.5–3.0 | [6] |
| 1.0 | 4.0 | 16 | 1.5 | [25] |
| 1.0 | – | 5.5 | – | [17] |
| 0.79–0.97 | – | 1.73–5.26 | – | [5] |
| Effects on poultry | | | | |
| Bitter flavor. | Binds minerals | Enlargement of internal organs like liver and Kidney | Impairs digestion. Especially protein | [6] |
| Layers produce “Fishy eggs”. |
| Production of off flavor “Fishy eggs” | Render the minerals and make them unavailable for absorption | Decrease the growth rates of broilers, increase the thyroids and liver sizes and cause hemorrhagic liver syndrome | Interfere with digestive enzymes and lower the nutrient utilization | [37] |
| By layer hens |
| – | – | No real evidence that canola cultivars with zero glucosinolates may cause any effect | – | [25] |
| “Fishy taint” in brown shell egg | Make protein and minerals biologically unavailable. | Interfere with the function of thyroid gland and adversely affect growth performance | Affect protein digestion and poor growth performance in broiler | [17] |