Journal of Animal Science and Technology

Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology

J Anim Sci Technol 2021; 63(4):799-814

pISSN: 2672-0191, eISSN: 2055-0391

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e65

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Effect of a fall cut on dry matter yield, nutritive value, and stand persistence of alfalfa

Iryna McDonald¹

, Doohong Min¹

, Rudra Baral¹^,^*

¹Department of Agronomy, Kansa State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

^*Corresponding author: Rudra Baral, Department of Agronomy, Kansa State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Tel: +1-785-532-2292, E-mail: rudrabaral@ksu.edu

© Copyright 2021 Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Feb 09, 2021; Revised: Mar 22, 2021; Accepted: Apr 14, 2021

Published Online: Jul 31, 2021

Abstract

Information is lacking about the effect of date of a fall cut of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on dry matter yield (DMY), forage nutritive value, and stands persistence. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of timing of a fall cut on DMY, forage nutritive value and stand persistence of three alfalfa varieties: low-lignin Hi–Gest 360, Roundup Ready Tonica, and conventional Gunner in Northeastern Kansas in the United States. The field study was carried out by splitting plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. The harvesting data of different maturity stages were collected in each year from 2015 to 2018. Three cuts were harvested based on the stage of maturity, and the last (fourth) cut was done on September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30 of each year. The persistence of the alfalfa stands was determined each fall after the last cut, and each spring after the first cut, by counting the number of live plants in a randomly placed quadrat in each plot. Alfalfa cut on September 15 and September 30 had a higher stand persistence compared to alfalfa cut on October 15 and October 30. The DMY of the first cut in 2016 was significantly higher in roundup ready than the low-lignin alfalfa variety. In the second cut, DMY was significantly higher in conventional alfalfa than the roundup ready. There were no significant differences in DMY between alfalfa varieties in the rest of seasonal cuttings in 2016 and 2017 and annual total yield in both years. In general, low lignin alfalfa variety had higher crude protein and relative feed value and lower acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents than those in roundup ready and conventional alfalfa varieties. On average, nutritive value of alfalfa was generally affected by last cutting dates in 2017. Based on 3-year data the last cutting of alfalfa in the fall could be done by September 30–October 15 without harmful effect on DMY.

Keywords: Medicago sativa L.; Fall cut; Dry matter yield; Nutritive value; Stand persistence

INTRODUCTION

Alfalfa is known as the “Queen of the Forages”. It has the highest yield potential of any perennial forage legume adapted to the United States [1]. Also, it is highly advantageous to use it for feed for ruminants [2]. Changes in climatic conditions have extended warm or cold periods and often tempt a producer to cut alfalfa during the resting period, which is 4–6 weeks before the first killing frost. But doing this initiates regrowth and reduces root reserves during a critical time [3]. Recommendations concerning the length of the fall resting period in alfalfa production are still under question. The date of the last cut in the fall is questionable [4], and its effect on dry matter yield (DMY) and stand persistence needs study [5–7].

Brink et al. [8], Hall et al. [9], Dhont et al. [10] and Sheaffer and Marten [6] reported that extending the last cut in the fall increases total DMY for the year, but it also has a negative impact on yield in the first cut of the next year . Also, frequent, seasonal harvests of alfalfa can impact stand persistence [11,12]. Sheaffer and Marten [6] documented that, if the last cut in the fall is before a first killing frost, the harvest does not have much of a negative effect on stand persistence for several years after the alfalfa has been planted. In contrast to these results, other studies have documented no effect of harvest time on stand persistence of alfalfa [13,14]. Belanger et al. [5] reported that DMY did not change in a third and last cut in the fall. In a study done in Michigan, Tesar [15] reported that a producer could make the last cut in the fall in October without damaging stand persistence.

Avice et al. [16], Dhont et al. [17], Hendershot and Volenec [18] and Volenec et al. [19] documented that root nitrogen (N) reserves and storage proteins have a close relation with spring regrowth. Alfalfa persistence is affected not only by root reserves, but it also depends on the soil temperature, amount of snow during winter [20,21], the content of moisture and nutrients in the soil [22–24], age of alfalfa stands [25], and the frequency of cuttings during the season and the stage of maturity [26].

Many factors interact with harvest time in the fall, which influences DMY and stand persistence of alfalfa. Weather conditions vary from fall to fall, causing producers to harvest at different times. The first killing frost in Kansas varies tremendously but based on 30 years of weather data, it ranges from mid-September to November. In 2015 the first freeze in Manhattan, Kansas, was on October 30, in 2016 on November 12, and in 2017 on October 27. Sometimes they have a late harvest right before the first killing frost, and they do not know if it might negatively affect yield and stand. This raises the question of how to manage the forage and when is the best time to cut in the fall. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the timing of the last fall harvest on DMY, nutritive value, and stand persistence of three alfalfa varieties: reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL, Roundup Ready RR Tonica, and conventional Gunner alfalfa.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted starting on April 23, 2015, at the Kansas State University Agronomy Research Farm in Manhattan, Kansas (39°20´ N, 96°59´W). The soil type at the study site was a Wymore silty clay and Smolan silt loam (fine, smectic, mesic Pachic Argiustoll) with soil pH 6.86, P₂O₅, 54 ppm, K₂O 284 ppm [27]. Weather data were collected from an automated Kansas Mesonet Station located at the Agronomy Research Farm, which is part of the Weather Data Library and the State Climate Office [28]. Average maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation are reported in Table 1 for the study period, April 23, 2015 to May 15, 2018.

Table 1. Rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures at North Farm, Kansas State University during the study period

Climate Characteristics	Month
Climate Characteristics	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	Jun.	Jul.	Aug.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
2015
Monthly rain (mm)				75.2	274.3	137.4	139.2	96	82.3	17.8	114.3	70.1
Mean Max. temperature (°C)				20.3	22.9	31	31.9	30.7	29.7	23.3	16.3	9.5
Mean Min. temperature (°C)				7.2	12.2	18.6	20.8	17.6	17.3	8.5	3.3	1.5
2016
Monthly rain (mm)	14	8.6	9.1	201.7	150.9	32.3	176.8	149.6	156.9	55.1	10.9	19.1
Mean Max. temperature (°C)	4.7	11.9	18.2	21.2	23.9	33.2	32.3	30.4	28.6	24.1	17.4	5.6
Mean Min. temperature (°C)	−5.9	−2.4	3.2	7.9	11.5	20	21.5	19.8	16.5	9.7	4	−6.4
2017
Monthly rain (mm)	34.3	11.7	100.6	114.8	91.7	74.4	38.9	144	33	63.8	3.3	2.8
Mean Max. temperature (°C)	6.3	13.5	15.2	19.4	24.7	31.2	33.7	29.1	29.4	21.6	14.4	6.8
Mean Min. temperature (°C)	−4.6	−1	2.9	7.9	11.6	17.9	21.1	16.8	15.7	7.9	1.6	−5.2
2018
Monthly rain (mm)	14.2	14.5	15.2	38.6	56.6
Mean Max. temperature (°C)	5.7	0	14.3	16.2	29.7
Mean Min. temperature (°C)	−7.4	−6.7	0.7	1.5	15.1

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Three different alfalfa cultivars were planted (reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL, Roundup Ready RR Tonica, and conventional Gunner alfalfa) on April 23, 2015. These cultivars are commonly grown alfalfa cultivars in Kansas which have fall dormancy 3–5 and winter survival rating 1–2 [29].

The seeding rate of each alfalfa cultivar was 20.18 kg/ha. The experimental design was a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications, the varieties were considered as main factor and the last date of the cut in the fall the sub-factor. The plot size was 1 m wide and 3 m long, for a total of 48 plots. Samples were collected at the same time, which was the 1/10 bloom stage of maturity. The four different last cutting dates in the fall of 2015, 2016, and 2017 were September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30. In 2015 and 2016, there were three cuts before the last cut on May 23, June 25, and August 6. But in 2017, there were four cuts before the last cut on May 20, June 23, July 25, and August 29 because of fast regrowth in this year. Forage samples were collected by clipping plants with shears within a 0.18 m² quadrat, randomly placed, and the number of the live plants per quadrat in each plot were counted in the fall of 2015, in the spring and fall of 2016, in the spring and fall of 2017, and in the spring of 2018 (on May 10, 2018). The biomass was collected from each plot for estimation of yield and stand persistence. The samples collected during 2016 and 2017 were also analyzed for forage quality (crude protein [CP], acid detergent fiber [ADF], neutral detergent fiber [NDF], and relative feed value [RFV]), as described below.

Dry matter yield and stand persistence

Samples were collected, placed into paper bags, and put in a cooler; bags were taken out of the cooler, weighed, and placed in a dryer at 60°C for 72 hours and dried to constant weight to determine percent moisture (dry matter) and DMY. The DMY was calculated as follows:

DMY (%) = (Dry weight of sample/Original fresh weight of sample) × 100

To evaluate stand persistence, stand density was used, which is the common method to determine stand persistence. Every fall and spring during the study, plants were counted in the randomly placed quadrat (0.18 m²) in each plot.

Nutritive values

The samples were dried and ground in a Wiley mill with a 1 mm screen and were analyzed for ADF and NDF analysis using the method of Van Soest et al. [30]. CP was calculated by multiplying the total nitrogen in the forage samples 6.25 [31]. The dry samples were ground in a Wiley mill with a 1 mm screen. Total nitrogen in the samples was determined by the Soil Testing Laboratory at Kansas State University. The laboratory digests the samples using a sulfuric peroxide acid digestion, and then the digest is analyzed for nitrogen by a colorimetric procedure using the Rapid Flow Analyzer (Model RFA-300, Alpkem, Clackamas, OR, USA) and RFA Methodology No. A303-S072 (Alpkem). CP in percent was calculated by multiplying the total nitrogen (%) by 6.25.

RFV is calculated from digestible dry matter digestibility (DMD) and dry matter intake (DMI) using ADF (%) and NDF (%), respectively [32]. Using the equations of Rohweder et al. [32], the RFV of legume-grass mixtures and monocultures was calculated as follows:

DMD (%) = 88.9 − (0.779 × ADF) DMI (%) = 120 / (NDF) RFV = (DMD × DMI) / 1.29

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were done using a mixed-effects model in PROC GLIMMIX [33]. An ANOVA for variables was conducted for each year and each cut with the three varieties and four last cutting dates in the fall as a fixed effect. The varieties were considered as the main factor and the last date of the cut in the fall was the sub-factor. Mean separation was performed using the Bonferroni correction All statistical comparisons were made at the α = 0.05 probability level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study evaluated the effect of the timing of a fall cut in Kansas on DMY, nutritive value, stand persistence, and three alfalfa varieties: low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL, roundup ready RR Tonica, and conventional Gunner alfalfa. The environmental conditions in Kansas in 2016 and 2017 (Table 1) were similar, except precipitation in the summer of 2017 was less than during the summer of 2016.

Dry matter yield and stand persistence

For the last fall cut in 2015, 2016, and 2017, a last cut and year interaction occurred for DMY and stand persistence but there was no interaction between last cut and variety. Same result was found in the first cut in 2016, 2017, and 2018 (Table 2).

Table 2. Yield of the plants per 0.18 m² in falls of 2015, 2016, and 2017 and springs of 2016, 2017, and 2018

	Yield (Mg/ha)		Yield (Mg/ha)
Year		Year
Fall 2015	2.7^b	Spring 2016	6.8^a
Fall 2016	3.5^a	Spring 2017	3.4^b
Fall 2017	1.7^c	Spring 2018	2.8^c
Variety		Variety
RA	2.6^a	RA	4.4^a
A	2.7^a	A	4.4^a
LA	2.5^a	LA	4.2^a
Last cut in fall		First cut in spring
15-Sep	2.4^bc	15-Sep	4.4^a
30-Sep	3.3^a	30-Sep	4.5^a
15-Oct	2.6^b	15-Oct	4.4^a
30-Oct	2.2^c	30-Oct	4.1^a
Last cut in fall (p-value)		First cut in spring (p-value)
Last cut	***	Last cut	NS
Year	***	Year	***
Variety	NS	Variety	NS
Year × Last cut	***	Year × Last cut	NS
Variety × Last cut	NS	Variety × Last cut	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level 0.05.

Significant at α level of 0.01.

RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfaa; NS, not significant.

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In 2016, the field was cut four times and in 2017 it was cut five times. Bélanger et al. [34] observed that taking an additional fall cut will decrease winter survival and DMY in the following year. In the last cut in the fall and the first cut in the following year, no significant difference was found in DMY among Roundup Ready alfalfa, Gunner alfalfa, and reduced-lignin alfalfa (Table 2). A significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield was observed with the last cut of September 15 (3.3 Mg/ha) than in other cutting dates. The lowest yield was found in the last cut on October 30 (2.2 Mg/ha) (Table 2). In 2016, differences in DMY in the first cut in the spring were not seen, even though plots had been cut on four different dates in the last cut in the previous year.

However, it was observed that DMY decreased as the years progressed. This was true both for the last cuts on September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30 in 2015, 2016, 2017 and the first cuts of each year in 2016, 2017, 2018 (Table 3). In the first cut of 2016, the DMY was higher than the DMY of the first cut in 2017 and 2018 (Table 3). A similar observation was made by Dhont et al. [10], who found in a field study that a fall cut had negative impact on stand persistence and yield the next year. Taking an additional cut not only increases the risk of winterkill but also decreases DMY in the next year. In general, an additional cut increases the total DMY for the year, but this increases the risk of winterkill.

Table 3. Yield (Mg/ha) comparison in last cuts in falls of 2015, 2016 and 2017, and first cuts in springs of 2016, 2017, and 2018

Last cut in fall	2015	2016	2017	First cut in spring	2016	2017	2018
15-Sep	2.6^a	3.3^b	1.2^a	15-Sep	6.9^a	3.4^a	2.8^b
30-Sep	3.5^b	4.4^c	2.0^b	30-Sep	7.1^a	3.3^a	3.0^b
15-Oct	2.4^a	3.7^b	1.8^b	15-Oct	6.4^a	3.8^a	2.9^b
30-Oct	2.3^a	2.6^a	1.7^b	30-Oct	6.7^a	3.3^a	2.3^a

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

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Our results showed that DMY in the first cut in the spring in 2017 and 2018 in plots that been harvested in the fall of the previous year on October 30 was lower than DMY in other plots (Table 2). In 2015 the highest yield was in plots that been cut on September 30 (3.5 Mg/ha). In 2016 the significantly highest yield was in plots that were harvested on September 30 (4.4 Mg/ha), which was the highest DMY for the three years of data.

In the last cuts, a significantly higher number of live plants was in plots that were harvested on September 15 (19 live plants), and the lowest stand persistence was observed in plots that were harvested on October 15 and October 30 (October 15–15 live plants and October 30–14 live plants) (Table 4 and 5). In the first cuts in the springs of 2016 and 2017, the higher number of live plants was found in plots that been cut in the fall of the previous year on September 15, and in the spring of 2018, the highest number of live plants was found in the plots that were cut on September 15 and September 30 in the previous year, and they each had the same number of live plants (14 per 0.18 m²). The lowest number was found in plots that were cut on October 30 in the previous year (10 per 0.18 m²).

Table 4. Number of the plants per 0.18 m² in falls of 2015, 2016, and 2017, and springs of 2016, 2017, and 2018

Last cut in fall	Plants number	First cut in spring	Plants number
Variety		Variety
RA	19^a	RA	16^b
A	18^a	A	17^a
LA	18^a	LA	15^b
Last cut in fall		First cut in spring
15-Sep	21^a	15-Sep	18^a
30-Sep	18^b	30-Sep	17^b
15-Oct	16^b	15-Oct	14^c
30-Oct	18^b	30-Oct	14^c
Year		Year
Fall 2015	20^a	Spring 2016	19^a
Fall 2016	19^b	Spring 2017	16^b
Fall 2017	16^c	Spring 2018	12^c
p-value
Last cut	***	Last cut	***
Year	***	Year	***
Variety	NS	Variety	**
Year × Last cut	***	Year × Last cut	***
Variety × Last cut	NS	Variety × Last cut	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

Significant at α level of 0.05 and ***Significant at α level of 0.01.

RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa; NS, not significant.

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Table 5. Number of the plants per 0.18 m² in last cuts of 2015, 2016 and 2017, and first cuts of 2016, 2017, and 2018

Last cut in fall	2015	2016	2017	First cut in spring	2016	2017	2018
15-Sep	22^b	22^b	19^b	15-Sep	22^c	20^c	14^c
30-Sep	19^a	19^a	17^b	30-Sep	19^ab	17^b	14^c
15-Oct	18^a	17^a	15^a	15-Oct	17^a	15^a	12^e
30-Oct	22^b	19^a	14^a	30-Oct	19^ab	14^a	10^b

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

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Several studies [16,18,19] have shown that a fall cut has a close relationship with the storage of root reserves and regrowth of alfalfa in the spring [35]. However, in our study, we did not measure root reserves. Our results agree with those of Schoner [36] and Sheaffler et al. [37] who reported that DMY and stand persistence decreased if the last fall cut was delayed.

McKenzie and McLean [21] documented that, as alfalfa plants get older, they are more susceptible to winter kill than the younger alfalfa plants. A similar observation was made in our study in the first cut in 2018, when the stand persistence decreased by 36% in plots that were harvested on September 15, and by 26% in plots were harvested on September 30. The highest reduction in stand persistence of 47% was observed in plots that were harvested on October 30. Differences in stand persistence and DMY among the alfalfa varieties were not found in our study.

Parsons and Davis [38] observed in Ohio that, when alfalfa was harvested five times per year, plants were damaged more than plants that been cut three times per year. Similar studies were done in Minnesota by Brink and Marten [39] and Timble et al. [40]. Min [41] in Kansas recommended reducing five cuttings to four as well.

Annual total dry matter yield in the first and second production years

The means of each cutting and total yield in 2016 and 2017 were shown in Table 6. In the first cut in 2016, the highest DMY was observed in Roundup Ready alfalfa (7.3 Mg/ha), and the low-lignin alfalfa produced the lowest yield (6.1 Mg/ha). Plots harvested in 2015 on September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30 showed no differences in yield in the first and second cuts of 2016. Conventional Gunner alfalfa had significantly (p < 0.05) higher DMY in the second cut of 2016 (4.1 Mg/ha) than Roundup Ready alfalfa (2.1 Mg/ha). In the third cut, no significant differences were found in DMY among the varieties and the dates of the last cuttings in the fall. But in the fourth cut of 2016 in plots that were harvested on September 30, the DMY was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (4.3 Mg/ha) than in plots that were harvested on October 30 (2.6 Mg/ha), but no significant differences were found among the varieties.

Table 6. Mean and total dry matter yield (Mg/ha) in 2016 and 2017

	2016					2017
	Cut 1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Total	Cut1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Cut 5	Total
Variety
RA	7.3^a	2.1^b	2.9^a	3.3^a	15.6^a	3.4^a	2.9^a	2.6^a	3.2^a	1.7^a	13.8^a
A	7.0^ab	4.1^a	2.7^a	3.7^a	17.5^a	3.3^a	3.0^a	2.6^a	3.3^a	1.7^a	13.9^a
LA	6.1^b	3.5^ab	3.7^a	3.5^a	16.8^a	3.6^a	2.8^a	2.4^a	3.2^a	1.6^a	13.6^a
Last cut
15-Sep	6.9^a	3.2^a	3.2^a	3.3^bc	16.6^ab	3.4^a	3.2^a	2.7^a	3.7^a	1.2^c	14.2^ab
30-Sep	7.1^a	3.6^a	3.2^a	4.3^a	18.2^a	3.3^a	3.1^ab	2.8^a	3.6^ab	2.0^a	14.8^a
15-Oct	6.4^a	2.9^a	3.0^a	3.7^ab	16.0^ab	3.8^a	2.9^ab	2.2^a	3.1^bc	1.8^ab	13.8^ab
30-Oct	6.7^a	3.2^a	3.0^a	2.6^c	15.5^b	3.3^a	2.6^b	2.3^a	2.7^c	1.7^b	12.6^b
p-value
Variety	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Last cut	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***
Variety × Last cut	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

**Significant at α level of 0.05 and ***Significant at α level of 0.01.

RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa; NS, not significant.

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In 2017, no significant differences were observed for plots harvested on September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30, and no significant differences were observed in DMY among the three varieties at these harvest times. In the second cut of 2017, no significant differences in yield among the alfalfa varieties were found, but the plots that were harvested in the fall on September 15 had a significantly higher DMY (3.2 Mg/ha) than plots that were harvested on October 30 (2.6 Mg/ha) (Table 6). In the third cut of 2017, no significant differences were found in DMY among the varieties and the dates of last cuttings in the fall did not affect DMY. In the fourth cut of 2017, the plots that were harvested on October 30 had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower DMY, which was similar to the fourth cut in 2016 (2.7 Mg/ha). The highest yield was found in plots that were harvested in the fall on September 15 (3.7 Mg/ha) (Table 6).

Based on two years of data (2016 and 2017), no significant differences in total DMY were found among the alfalfa varieties. The total DMY in 2017 decreased by 12% in Roundup Ready RR Tonica alfalfa, 21% in Gunner conventional alfalfa, and 19 % in reduced-lignin Hi-Gest 360 LL alfalfa compared to the total yield in 2016 (Table 6). A significantly lower total DMY was found in plots that were harvested on October 30 in both years 2016 and 2017. The highest total DMY was in plots that were harvested on September 30 in both years. Two of the main factors that control DMY of alfalfa and nutritive value are frequency of shoot removal [8,42,43] and stand persistence [39,44]. In our study was observed that in the first cuttings in 2016 and 2017 the DMY was the highest and decreased by end of the year. During the four seasonal cuttings in 2016, the dry matter was higher compared to five seasonal cuttings in 2017. The frequent cuttings increased the forage nutritive value and reduced the stand persistence of alfalfa. Based on the results of this study, it appears that the last cutting of alfalfa can be done by September 30 without yield reduction.

Nutritive value

Crude protein

The means and average CP of each cut in 2016 and 2017 were shown in Table 7. In the first cut, second cut, and third cut in 2016, no significant (p < 0.05) differences in CP were found among the alfalfa varieties. Also, no differences in CP were found among the plots harvested on September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30. For the fourth cut in 2016, conventional Gunner alfalfa had the lowest CP concentration 164 g/kg DM and reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa the highest CP concentration 181 g/kg DM. Alfalfa harvested in the fall on October 30 had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower CP concentration compared to plots harvested on other dates. It been reported that frequent cuttings had an earlier stage of maturity, and as the cutting delayed the higher maturity of alfalfa, and the CP concentration decreases [9,41,45].

Table 7. Mean CP concentration (g/kg DM) in 2016 and 2017

	2016					2017
	Cut 1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Average	Cut1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Cut 5	Average
Variety
RA	192^a	178^a	19^a	177^ab	184^a	224^a	281^a	268^a	259^a	287^a	264^a
A	197^a	162^ab	179^a	164^b	176^b	217^a	255^a	255^a	251^a	280^a	252^a
LA	199^a	173^a	179^a	181^a	183^ab	228^a	281^a	268^a	252^a	289^a	264^a
Last cut
15-Sep	190^a	173^a	175^a	181^a	180^a	225^a	281^a	262^a	269^a	351^a	278^a
30-Sep	197^a	174^a	185^a	178^a	183^a	226^a	265^a	259^a	258^a	288^b	259^b
15-Oct	198^a	172^a	180^a	177^a	182^a	215^a	260^a	260^a	245^a	268^c	250^b
30-Oct	197^a	166^a	192^a	159^b	179^a	225^a	280^a	274^a	244^a	235^d	252^b
p-value
Variety	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Last cut	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***
Variety × Last cut	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

**Significant at α level of 0.05 and ***Significant at α level of 0.01.

CP, crude protein; DM, dry matter; RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa; NS, not significant.

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In 2017, no significant differences in CP were found among the varieties for the first, second, third and fourth cuts. Also, no significant differences in CP were found in alfalfa harvested on September 15, September 30, October 15 and October 30. In the fifth cut in 2017, no significant (p < 0.05) differences were found among the alfalfa varieties, but significant (p < 0.05) differences in CP concentration were observed for alfalfa in the last cut. The highest CP concentration (351 g/kg DM) was in plots that were cut on September 15, and the lowest CP (235 g/kg DM) was in plots that were cut on October 30.

The average CP concentration in 2016 was higher (184 g/kg DM) in Roundup Ready RR Tonica alfalfa, and the lowest CP concentration (176 g/kg DM) was in conventional Gunner alfalfa. In the plots that were cut on September 15, September 30, October 15 and October 30, no differences in CP were found. In 2017 no differences were found among alfalfa varieties in CP concentration. Rimi et al. [46] noted that alfalfa harvested at an early stage of maturity provided a higher nutritive value than alfalfa harvested at a later stage of maturity. Similar results were found in our study for the data of 2017. The results showed that the highest CP content (278 g/kg DM) was found in plots that were cut on September 15. Min [41] observed that cutting frequency affects the nutritive values of the alfalfa, and our results agree with his. In 2016, the alfalfa was harvested four times, and in 2017 it was harvested five times. Because of the number of harvests, CP concentration was much higher in 2017 than in 2016. The average data showed that CP was higher with five cuts in 2017 than with four cuts in 2016.

Acid detergent fiber

The means and average ADF of each cut in 2016 and 2017 were shown in Table 8. There was a varietal difference in ADF. The ADF concentration in the first cut in 2016 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in conventional Gunner alfalfa (326 g/kg DM), and the lowest ADF concentration was found in low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa (279 g/ka DM). Similar results were found in the second cut in 2016. A higher ADF concentration (346 g/kg DM) was found in Gunner alfalfa, and the reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa had the lowest ADF concentration (297 g/kg DM). The last date of cuttings in the fall did not affect the ADF content in the first and second cuts in 2016. In the third and fourth cuts in 2016, the ADF concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa compared to the other two varieties of alfalfa. In the third cut, the plots that been cut on September 15 in the previous year had an ADF concentration that was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than ADF concentration in plots that had been cut on October 15. But in the fourth cut of 2016 on September 15, September 30, October 15, or October 30, the lowest ADF concentration was found in plots that were cut on September 15 (329 g/kg DM), and the highest ADF concentration was in plots that been cut on October 30 (356 g/kg DM).

Table 8. Mean ADF concentration (g/kg DM) in 2016 and 2017

	2016					2017
	Cut 1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Average	Cut1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Cut 5	Average
Variety
RA	310^b	327^b	339^a	361^a	334^b	322^a	304^b	314^b	318^b	278^b	307^b
A	326^a	346^a	348^a	354^a	344^a	327^a	331^a	329^a	334^a	294^a	323^a
LA	279^c	297^c	307^b	312^b	299^c	272^b	258^c	264^c	274^c	246^c	263^c
Last cut
15-Sep	310^a	330^a	340^a	329^c	327^a	317^a	294^a	298^a	301^b	258^c	294^b
30-Sep	304^a	329^a	332^ab	337^bc	325^ab	294^a	294^a	300^a	305^ab	265^c	292^b
15-Oct	303^a	319^a	324^b	348^ba	323^b	311^a	300^a	308^a	312^ab	274^b	301^a
30-Oct	301^a	318^a	329^ab	356^a	326^a	306^a	301^a	302^a	316^a	293^a	304^a
p-value
Variety	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
Last cut	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***
Variety × Last cut	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

**Significant at α level of 0.05 and ***Significant at α level of 0.01.

ADF, acid detergent fiber; DM, dry matter; RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa; NS, not significant.

Download Excel Table

In 2017 in the first cut, the lowest ADF concentration was found in the low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa (272 g/kg DM), and Gunner alfalfa and RR Tonica alfalfa had the highest ADF concentration. In the second, third, fourth and fifth cuts of 2017, the reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa had the lowest ADF concentration, and the conventional variety Gunner had the highest ADF concentration. In the first, second, and third cuts, no differences in ADF concentration were observed, but in the fourth cut, the plots that were cut on September 15 had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower ADF concentration (301 g/kg DM), and the plots that were cut on October 30 had the highest ADF (316 g/kg DM). In the fifth cut of 2017, the plots that were cut on September 15 and September 30 had the lowest ADF concentration, and the highest ADF concentration was in plots that were cut on October 30.

It has been documented that forage quality decreases if the DMY of alfalfa increases and they are related to the stage of maturity of alfalfa [8,42]. The effect stage of maturity when alfalfa is harvested on forage nutritive values has been noted by Hall et al. [9], Kallenbach et al. [42] and Smith [3] documented that, as plants mature, the stem mass increases more than the leaf mass, which leads to a reduction of the nutritive value of the alfalfa. In 2016 and 2017, ADF concentrations were found to be lowest in plots that were cut in the fall of the previous year on September 15 and September 30 and the highest in plots that were cut on October 15 and October 30.

According to Grev et al. [47], the low-lignin alfalfa can be harvested with a delay in five days and still maintain a higher forage quality compared to other varieties of alfalfa. In our study, we found a significantly (p < 0.05) lower ADF concentration in low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa, and the highest ADF concentration was in the conventional Gunner alfalfa. The Roundup Ready RR Tonica alfalfa had a slightly lower ADF concentration than the conventional Gunner alfalfa, and a higher ADF concentration than the low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa. Even in 2016 when the alfalfa was harvested four times per season, the reduced-lignin Hi- Gest 360 LL alfalfa variety still maintained lowest the ADF concentration. In 2016 the average ADF was 299 g/kg DM, and in 2017 the average ADF under five cuttings was 263 g/kg DM. The ADF difference between alfalfa varieties was probably due to the difference in rainfall during seasonal cutting in 2016 and 2017 as well since 2017 was dryer compared to 2016 (Table 1).

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

The means and average NDF of each cut in 2016 and 2017 are shown in Table 9. The NDF concentration in the first cut in 2016 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa (369 g/kg DM) than in other two varieties. In the second cut, the low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 LL alfalfa had the lowest NDF, and the highest was found in conventional Gunner alfalfa. Results for the second cut in 2016 were similar to the third cut in 2016, and the low-lignin variety of alfalfa had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower NDF concentration than conventional Gunner alfalfa and Roundup Ready RR Tonica alfalfa. In the fourth cut, the lowest NDF concentration was observed in the reduced-lignin alfalfa (392 g/kg DM). For the plots that were cut in the last harvest in the fall on September 15 and September 30 in the previous year, in the first and second cuts in 2016 the highest NDF concentrations were found, and the lowest NDF concentrations were in plots that were cut on October 15 and October 30. In the third cut in 2016, the highest NDF was found in plots that had a last cut in the fall on September 15 (429 g/kg DM) and the lowest NDF concentration was found in the plots that were cut in October 15 (416 g/kg DM). In the fourth cut in 2016, no significant differences in NDF concentration were found among the plots that were cut on September 15, September 30, October 15, and October 30. This was probably influenced by temperature and rainfall in September 2016 (Table 1) and the frequency of cutting per season. A previous study documented that NDF concentration increase if alfalfa was cut four times per year [42]. Since the cutting interval is extended the alfalfa gets mature, and the nutritive value of alfalfa decreases [43,48].

Table 9. Mean NDF concentration (g/kg DM) in 2016 and 2017

	2016					2017
	Cut 1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Average	Cut1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Cut 5	Average
Variety
RA	404^a	418^b	426^a	446^b	423^b	422^a	399^b	406^b	415^b	378^b	404^b
A	409^a	436^a	433^a	463^a	435^a	428^a	421^a	430^a	436^a	396^a	422^a
LA	369^b	386^c	404^b	410^c	392^c	371^b	372^c	371^c	375^c	360^c	370^c
Last cut
15-Sep	400^a	420^a	429^a	440^a	422^a	406^a	397^a	405^ab	404^a	363^b	395^b
30-Sep	406^a	420^a	420^ab	436^a	421^a	402^a	398^a	396^b	408^a	369^b	395^b
15-Oct	386^b	406^b	416^b	443^a	413^b	413^a	392^a	400^b	409^a	388^a	400^a
30-Oct	382^b	406^b	419^ab	441^a	413^b	407^a	404^a	410^a	413^a	391^a	405^a
p-value
Variety	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
Last cut	***	**	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	**	NS	***	***
Variety × Last cut	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

**Significant at α level of 0.05 and ***Significant at α level of 0.01.

NDF, neutral detergent fiber; DM, dry matter; RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa; NS, not significant.

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In 2017 in the first cut, the results showed that the reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa had a lower NDF concentration (371 g/kg DM) than conventional Gunner alfalfa and Roundup Ready RR Tonica alfalfa. In the second, third, fourth and fifth cuts, the reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa had the lowest NDF, and the highest NDF was found in conventional Gunner alfalfa. For the plots that were cut in the fall on four different dates, no differences in NDF were found for the first, and second cuts in 2017. But in third cut in 2017, the highest NDF concentration (410 g/kg DM) was found in plots that had the last cut in the fall of the previous year on October 30, and the lowest NDF was found in plots that were cut on September 30 and October 15. In last (fifth) cut in 2017, the results showed that alfalfa harvested on September 15 and September 30 had an NDF concentration that was significantly lower than that in alfalfa harvested on October 15 and October 30. Min [41] observed that the cutting frequency affects the nutritive values of alfalfa, and our results agree with his. Based on the average concentrations of NDF and ADF in 2016 and 2017, NDF and ADF concentrations were higher in 2016 with four seasonal cuts than in 2017 with five seasonal cuts. Also, a significantly lower NDF concentration was found in reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa and the highest NDF concentration was found in the conventional Gunner variety. The average data of 2016 show that the NDF concentration of plots that were cut in the fall on September 15 and September 30 was higher than in plots that were cut on October 15 and October 30. But in 2017, the average NDF concentration was higher in the plots that were cut on October 15 and October 30.

Relative feed value

The means and average RFV indexes of all seasonal cuttings were shown in Table 10. The highest RFV index was found in the first cut in 2016 in the low-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa – 170. In the second, third, and fourth cuts, the RFV index was lower compared to the rest of the seasonal cuttings but low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 LL alfalfa had the highest RFV index compared to the RFV indexes of conventional Gunner alfalfa and Roundup Ready RR Tonica alfalfa. For the plots that had the last cut on October 15 and October 30 in the previous year of 2016, the first, second, and third cuts had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) RFV index than plots that were cut on September 15 and September 30. This might be due to slower regrowth during those three cuttings. In the fourth cut of 2016, differences in RFV due to cutting dates were not found.

Table 10. Mean RFV indexes in 2016 and 2017

	2016					2017
	Cut 1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Average	Cut1	Cut 2	Cut 3	Cut 4	Cut 5	Average
Variety
RA	150^b	141^b	137^b	128^b	139^b	141^b	152^b	148^b	144^b	166^b	150^b
A	145^b	133^c	133^c	122^b	133^c	138^b	139^c	137^c	135^c	156^c	141^c
LA	170^a	159^a	150^a	147^a	156^a	170^a	172^a	171^a	168^a	181^a	172^a
Last cut
15-Sep	151^b	14^b	136^b	134^a	140^b	148^a	156^a	152^ab	152^a	175^a	157^a
30-Sep	150^b	141^b	140^ab	135^a	141^b	154^a	155^a	155^a	150^a	172^a	157^a
15-Oct	158^a	148^a	143^a	131^a	145^a	147^a	157^a	152^ab	148^a	162^b	153^b
30-Oct	159^a	147^a	141^a	130^a	144^a	149^a	152^a	149^b	145^a	158^b	151^b
p-value
Variety	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
Last cut	***	**	**	NS	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***
Variety × Last cut	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Different letters in the same column are significant at α level of either 0.05 or 0.01.

**Significant at α level of 0.05 and ***Significant at α level of 0.01.

RFV, relative feed value; RA, Roundup Ready Tonica alfalfa; A, Gunner conventional alfalfa; LA, low-lignin Hi-Gest 360 alfalfa; NS, not significant.

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In 2017 for all five cuttings, the results showed that low-lignin Hi- Gest 360 LL alfalfa had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher RFV index than the other alfalfa varieties. The conventional Gunner alfalfa had the lowest RFV index. In 2017, no significant differences in RFV indexes were found in the first, second, and fourth cuts among the plots that had had their last cut in the fall on four different cutting dates. In the third cut in 2017, the plots that been cut in the last cut of the previous year on September 30 had a significantly higher RFV index than the plots that been cut on October 30. In the fifth cut in 2017, which was the last cut for the season, the RFV index was highest in plots that were cut on September 15 (175) and September 30 (172), and the lowest RFV index was found in plots that were cut on October 15 (162) and October 30 (158).

Based on average data of 2016 and 2017, the significantly (p < 0.05) highest RFV values were found in the reduced-lignin Hi – Gest 360 LL alfalfa and the lowest RFV was found in conventional Gunner alfalfa. In 2016, the average data showed that the plots that were cut on October 15 and October 30 had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher RFV value than plots that were cut on September 15 and September 30. In 2017 the average RFV was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in plots that were cut on September 15 and September 30 compared to the RFV values in plots that were cut on October 15 and October 30.

Rohweder et al. [32] developed the RFV index that has been used in to compare forage quality. An RFV value of 100 represents full bloom alfalfa., The higher the number, the greater is the quality of the forage. The more mature the alfalfa is at harvest, the higher the ADF and NDF concentrations will be, and the RFV index gets lower. According to Van Soest et al. [30], the RFV index does not measure nutritional content directly, but it is used for the calculation of hay quality, usually when buying or selling alfalfa hay. Based on USDA alfalfa hay classification for Kansas premium hay has an RFV index of 160–195. If the RFV index is 130–170, the hay is considering to be good enough for feeding during the early lactation of cows. If the RFV value is less than 140–125, the hay could be fed to cows in late lactation. Based on 2-year average data our study showed that planting the newly developed low-lignin alfalfa could be beneficial for the producer since the forage RFV index in 2016 under four cuttings was significantly higher compared to roundup ready and conventional alfalfa variety. On the hay market, the low-lignin alfalfa variety could be considered to the premium hay grading category, and the Roundup Ready and conventional alfalfa varieties to good hay grading category. In 2017 under five cuttings the hay of low-lignin alfalfa variety was in the premium hay grading category and the roundup ready and conventional alfalfa varieties in the good hay grading category. The low-lignin alfalfa variety could provide a higher forage quality, and, at the same time, the producer can have a wide harvesting window that will not impact forage nutritive values [47].

CONCLUSION

Based on three-year data, our results suggest that producers in Kansas should cut alfalfa by September 30–October 15. The cutting during this time did not have harmful effect on DMY of alfalfa. Alfalfa yield was not affected by varieties. In general, low lignin alfalfa had higher CP and RFV and lower ADF and NDF than roundup ready and conventional alfalfa varieties. Also, our recommendation is to reduce the five cuttings per year to four. Future research requires to investigate the root carbohydrates in low-lignin alfalfa because it is a new variety and there is a lack of information available to the producers.

Competing interests

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding sources

This research was funded by the Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Availability of data and material

Upon reasonable request, the datasets of this study can be available from the corresponding author.

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization: Min D.

Data curation: McDonald I.

Formal analysis: McDonald I, Baral R.

Methodology: McDonald I, Min D.

Software: Baral R.

Validation: Min D.

Investigation: McDonald I.

Writing - original draft: McDonald I.

Writing - review & editing: Min D, Baral R.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This article does not require IRB/IACUC approval because there are no human and animal participants.

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