Streptococcus suis is a major pig pathogen causing severe economic losses to the swine industry and is considered a prominent zoonotic agent [1]. Thus far, 35 capsular serotypes have been reported for this species, and its distribution among pigs geographically varies [2]. Several virulence factors have been reported for S. suis, and extracellular protein factor (epf), muraminidase-released protein (mrp), and suilysin (sly) are considered to be the major virulence-associated genes underlying the pathogenesis of this bacterium [3]. Although a recent study has reported that serotype 3, with the epf−/mrp+/sly− genotype, is the most prevalent serotype among Korean isolates [1], its genomic characteristics remain unknown.
In this study, strain INT-01 was isolated in 2018 from the tonsillar swab of a growing pig with respiratory clinical signs that had been reared at a private farm in Yesan (Chungcheongnam-do, Korea). The α-hemolytic isolate displayed 99.7% 16S rRNA identity to S. suis S735T (AY585196), thus suggesting that strain INT-01 is a member of S. suis. The antimicrobial susceptibility of strain INT-01 was evaluated according to the testing guidelines and interpretive breakpoints in the M100S document of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [4]. The isolate was resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, and levofloxacin. Its genome was sequenced using the PacBio RS II system (Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA) with P6-C4 chemistry by constructing a 20 kb SMRTbellTM template library, using the DNA/polymerase binding kit P6 (Pacific Biosciences) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Genome assembly of the filtered reads (1,245,264,540 bp, 153,790 reads, N50, 10,696 bp) was performed using the PacBio HGAP (v.2.3) pipeline with default settings, using the de novo assembly protocol, and the reads (2,113,334 bp, 409×) were polished using Quiver. Annotation was performed using the Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (National Center for Biotechnology Information, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK174280/).
The genome of INT-01 was found to comprise 2,092,054 bp (41.3% guanine [G] + cytosine [C] content), encoding 2,054 coding sequences, 12 rRNAs, 57 tRNAs, and 4 non-coding RNAs (Table 1). Genome similarities among INT-01 and other S. suis strains were assessed using ANI Calculator [5], and the genome was found to be 96.9% similar to that of S. suis S735T (NC_018526, serotype 2); furthermore, this strain is most similar to S. suis ST3 (NC_015433, serotype 3) [6,7] (Fig. 1). Moreover, the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) locus of INT-01 is almost identical (> 99.9%) to that of strain 4961 (JF273646, serotype 3), thus suggesting that INT-01 can be classified as serotype 3 [8].
| Features | Value |
|---|---|
| Genome size (bp) | 2,092,054 |
| G+C content (%) | 41.3 |
| Contigs | 1 |
| Total genes | 2,073 |
| tRNAs | 58 |
| rRNAs (5S, 16S, 23S) | 4, 4, 4 |
| ncRNAs | 4 |
| Protein-coding genes | 1,929 |
| Pseudogenes | 70 |
Major virulence-associated genes in INT-01 were manually compared with those of the S. suis strains available in the GenBank database, and other virulence-associated and antibiotic-resistant genes were screened as previously described [9]. Consequently, strain INT-01 was identified to be an epf−/mrp+/sly−S. suis, which is the most prevalent genotype in Korea [1]. Additionally, several virulence-associated factors of the genus Streptococcus, including choline-binding protein D (cbpD), fibronectin/fibrinogen-binding proteins (fbp54/pavA), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (plr/gapA), extracellular hyaluronidase (hylA), periplasmic serine endoprotease (htrA/degP), trigger factor (tig/ropA), and zinc metalloproteinase (zmpC) were detected. However, no genetic determinants associated with antibiotic resistance were detected. These results suggest that other unknown resistance determinants may present in INT-01, warranting further investigation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the genome of S. suis from Korea. The present results potentially provide important insights into the development of control strategies against S. suis infections by providing the genomic information of the most prevalent type of the pig pathogen in Korea.
Streptococcus suis INT-01 has been deposited in the Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes (CCARM) as CCARM4634, and its genome has been deposited in the DDBJ/ENA/GenBank database under accession number CP041994.1.
