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INTRODUCTION
Mycotoxins are produced by filamentous fungi, which fall under the genus Aspergillus, Claviceps, Penicillium, Alternaria, and Fusarium. These species have the capacity to grow on foods during favorable conditions such as temperature, moisture content, relative humidity and water activity. The Fusarium mycotoxins are capable of produce acute and chronic toxic effects, depends on their concentration, exposure time and the type of animal that is exposed and its age [1]. One of the most important trichothecene mycotoxin affecting poultry production is T-2 toxin and naturally produced by Fusarium [2,3]. The name trichothecenes was derived from the skeletal tetracycline in their molecule, 12, 13-epoxyitricotec-9-eno. The main effect of trichothecenes toxins is distract the normal functions of gastro-enteric system, also affecting the digestive, the nerves, circulatory systems, as well as skin. The T-2 toxin is found in many cereals, feeds, and vegetables. Several types of grains have been tested for the contamination with T-2 toxin and as a result, rye, wheat, oat, corn and barley are found to be frequently contaminated [4]. The negative effects of T-2 toxin in poultry, leads to reduced consumption in feed, growth depression, oral lesions [5,6], decreased egg production, thickness egg shells, hatchability and coagulopathy [5], abnormal feathering [7]. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of T-2 toxin in diets in the broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All experiments and protocols (P-1/2010/1-IAV/L-34/3745/6000) were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Research Institute from ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. Appropriate guidelines and protocols were followed for all experiments.
The T-2 toxin was formed on the maize substrate by means of the pure culture of Fusarium sporotrichioides NRRL 3510 (USDA/ARS Culture Collection, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA). Then T-2 toxin was extracted by the method of Rukmini and Bhat [8] and quantified by thin layer chromatography as described by Mandal et al. [28]. The required amount was added to the basal diet to get the desired concentration of T-2 toxin in feed. An analyzed T-2 toxin content of the diets were the same as predicted concentration with variations of ± 2 ppb.
A total of three hundred 1-day-old healthy Indian River-3 broiler chicks (mixed gender) were obtained from experimental hatchery (ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India). Birds with a mean body weight of 46 ± 0.52 g were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments (5 replicate cages/treatment, 12 chicks/cage) for 42 days of trial. Birds were housed in stainless steel cages (1.75 × 1.55 m) with environmental controlled room, with free access to feed and water. The dietary treatments include the following: basal diet (T1), basal diet contaminated with 50 (T2), 100 (T3), 150 (T4), and 200 (T5) ppb T2-toxin for feeding trial. The basal diets were formulated to exceed the nutritional necessities of broilers through starter (d 0 to 21) and finisher (d 22 to 42) phases, according to NRC [10] recommendations (Table 1).
1) Minerals premix supplied mg/kg diet: Mn (as MnO2)), 300; I (as KI), 0.29 mg; Zn (as ZnSO4)), 84 mg; Cu (as CuSO4 )· 5H2)O), 11 mg.
The feed samples were passed through the screen which is in size of 1 mm for the analysis of calcium (Ca, method: 984.27) and phosphorus (P, method: 965.17) contents according to AOAC [9] methods. The concentrations of lysine, methionine, available P and metabolizable energy were calculated.
Broilers were weighed and the feed intake was recorded at day 1, 21, and 42. Determination of body weight gain (BWG, g), average daily feed intakes (ADFI, g) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated in each phase. At the end of the experiment, about 5 mL of blood samples were collected from 20 chickens of each treatment (4 broilers/cage) from wing vein, kept in vacuum tube or a K3EDTA tube followed by the centrifugation at 4,000 g at 4°C for 15 min, in order to collect the serum from the blood sample, and further stored at −18°C until analysis. Serum samples were examined for total protein, uric acid, cholesterol, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transferase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transferase (SGPT) by using an automatic blood clinical analyzer (Chiron, San Jose, CA, USA). The hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in blood was estimated by Sahli’s method [11]. By adding 0.1 N HCl, the Hb was converted into acid haematin. The resultant solution was then matched against a reference solution (i.e., Sahli’s Haemoglobinometer). Reading on the graduated tube was noted and expressed as Hb level in g/dL. With regard to heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, the percentage distribution of different leucocytes was determined from a blood smear stained with Giemsa stain. The blood smear was prepared in a clean and dry glass slide using anticoagulant added blood. The blood smears were fixed with methanol. Then, the blood smears were covered uniformly with enough Giemsa stain for about 30–45 mins. Afterwards, the stained blood smears were rinsed with running tap water and dried. The smears were observed under microscope by using an oil immersion objective lens after adding one or two drops of cedar wood oil on the stained blood smear. The percentage of different leucocytes was calculated after the count reaches 100 in leucocytes and the H/L ratio was estimated by separating the number of heterophils by that of lymphocyte.
The statistical analysis of all the collected data was performed using general linear model procedures of SAS/STAT (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) in a randomized complete block design with a pen was considered as the experimental unit. Mean values and standard errors of the mean were reported. Linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts were performed to determine the effect of T-2 toxin at inclusion levels in the diet. Statistical significance was considered when probability value was less than 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The production performance of chickens by the T2-toxin presence has been presented in Table 2. During entire experiment, observed singnificantly reduced BWG and ADFI (p < 0.05) at level (200 ppb) of T-2 toxin diet when compared to the other groups. In the current study, the contamination in dietary treatments by 150 ppb or higher levels of T-2 toxin led to a reduction in BWG and ADFI of broilers significantly (p < 0.05). This findings of a reduction in body weight and feed consumption were due to T-2 toxicosis consistent with earlier reports of feeding T-2 toxin [7,12,13]. Previous studies, have reported that the T-2 toxin has induced toxicity in the chicks in a dose dependent mode that resulted in reduced body weight in broilers [14–16]. Growth depression effects of mycotoxin appear to be primarily resulted by their inhibitory action on protein synthesis and nutrient utilization [17]. Also, the T-2 toxicated chicks have shown that the reduced body weight; may be due to inflammation or irritation and contact erosion in alimentary tract, which leads to the reduced feed consumption and subsequently the reduction in body weight of the birds [18–20]. The few studies conducted on poultry have indicated that the T-2 toxin has caused the decreased intake of feed and lower gain of weight, oral lesions, coagulopathy, changes in behaviour and the distorted feathering [16,21–25]. The observed results showed that the significantly lower (p < 0.05) FCR in control diet without T2-toxin, compared with other groups. The study revealed that the feed contaminated with T-2 toxin at 150 ppb or higher level resulted in increased FCR which deteriorated feed efficiency of broilers. This result was in agreement with that Raju and Devegowda [7], reported that the inclusion of T-2 toxin (3 mg/kg feed) of has made poor feed conversion efficiency of the broilers. Further, the present study revealed that the T-2 toxin ranges up to 100 ppb in broilers’ diet had no adverse effect on their growth, feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency.
The data pertaining to various biochemical parameters such as total protein, SGPT, SGOT, uric acid, Hb, cholesterol and H/L ratio were influenced by different levels of T-2 toxin was statistically analyzed and the mean values are presented in Table 3. The total serum protein concentration of group T1 was higher (p < 0.05) than those of T4 and T5, but statistically similar to those of T2 and T3. The lowest total protein content was observed in group T5 (p < 0.05) when compared to T4. The present study revealed that the dietary contamination of T-2 toxin at 150 ppb or higher level resulted in significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on total protein content of broiler chickens. This results was in agreement with previous reports [14,26] in literature wherein showed that the decreased serum protein concentration was proportional to dietary levels of T-2 toxin. Further, the results showed that the lower level of cholesterol and Hb levels, increased uric acid content, SGPT, SGOT and H/L ratio (p < 0.05) in increases concentrations of T-2 toxin (150 and 200 ppb) compared with other dietary treatments in broilers (Table 3). This finding was in agreement with earlier report of Pande et al. [14], who reported a reduction in serum cholesterol level, Hb and increased in serum uric acid due to a dietary T-2 toxin in broilers. The reduced levels of total serum protein and cholesterol, may be an effect of hepato-toxicity of T-2 toxin [14]. This increase in uric acid level may be due to the poor utilization of protein for the synthesis of tissue protein, rather than the reduced kidney function [26,27]. The reports of effects of the dietary T-2 toxin on activity of SGPT and SGOT in the broilers were in agreement with those of Narayanaswamy [29]; Krishnamoorthy [30]; Singh [31]. Contrary, Pande et al. [14] and Wyatt et al. [21] reported that a non-significant effects of T-2 toxin dietary treatments in graded levels on the H/L ratio of broilers.
CONCLUSION
It can be stated that, the broiler chickens were less affected by 100 ppb T-2 toxin than other concentrations. This results suggested that the potentials impacts of T-2 toxin in broilers; however, further research are needed to determine the effects of T-2 toxin on gut health and meat quality traits in broilers to achive great attention in current conventional system.
