Unveiling the Origin, Characters, and Breeding System of Kebumen Ongole Grade Cattle in Indonesia — A Review

Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle represent a distinctive local breed of beef cattle in Indonesia known for their adaptability to tropical climates and low-input farming methods. These cattle, which are descended from Indian Ongole cattle, have a long history of development. While these cattle have many similarities to their ancestors, they have evolved unique features and performance traits, particularly in the Kebumen region. Despite their recognized value, the population has declined as a result of crossbreeding with other cattle breeds and uncontrolled mating. This has raised concerns about genetic erosion and the future viability of the breed. These cattle are also distinguished by their large body size and high birth weight, which are associated with excellent reproductive and production performance. Despite these advantages, better management and feeding systems are required to maintain and improve breed quality. These cattle also have a successful breeding program, with certified progeny distributed nationwide. The comprehensive documentation in this study is intended to serve as the foundation for future policy formulation and sustainable breeding strategies. This review suggests that Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle represent a successful community-based breeding effort with room for growth. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving the breed's genetic integrity while addressing breeding management issues and production system sustainability.